The CRETA Project
Embracing a New Religious Paradigm. An Italian Feminist Participatory Research Study in the Light of Modern Matriarchal Studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.23763Keywords:
matriarchy, new spirituality, participatory research, feminismAbstract
This article gives an account of a two-year project named CRETA (participatory construction of egalitarian societies) carried out by a group of 20 people in northern Italy. The initiative has tried to find concrete paths to establish an egalitarian society by building a new religious paradigm inspired by Modern Matriarchal Studies. After intensive training sessions, the participants began to develop concrete steps to get closer to the goal of creating an egalitarian community. The core aspects of matriarchal spirituality chosen by the participants which inspired the whole project are gender equality, immanent divinity and a cyclical worldview. The article presents the main results of the feminist participatory research that accompanied the community project. The pursuit of the participants to establish new, egalitarian religious practices is discussed and the challenges and achievements are reflected.
Downloads
References
Baldwin, Mark 2012 Participatory Action Research. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Work, edited by Gray Mel, James Midgley and Stephen A. Webb, 467–81. Los Angeles: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247648.n31
Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika 2009 Matriarchal Principles for Economies and Societies of Today: What We Can Learn from Juchitán. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present, and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 70–75. Toronto: Inanna.
Bradbury-Huang, Hilary 2010 What is Good Action Research? Why the Resurgent Interest? Action Research 8(1): 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750310362435
Bravo, Gian Luigi, and Roberta Tucci 2006 I beni culturali demoetnoantropologici. Torino: Iris Network.
Brown, Grace, Deborah Western and Janice Pascal 2013 Using the F-word: Feminist Epistemologies and Postgraduate Research. Affilia 28(4): 440–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109913503266
Claudot-Hawad, Hèlène 2009 We are the Shelter and the Protection: The Representation of Gender among the Turages. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 159–72. Toronto: Inanna.
Cusack, Carole M. 2009 The Return of the Goddess: Mythology, Witchcraft and Feminist Spirituality. In Handbook of Contemporary Paganism, edited by Murphy Pizza and James Lewis, 335–62. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163737.i-650.93
Donkoh, Wilhelmina J. 2009 Female Leadership among the Asante. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 117–28. Toronto: Inanna.
Durkheim, Émile 1963 Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse. Trans. and ed. Massimo Rosatti. Milan: Comunità.
[1912] The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Edited and translated by Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
Elsen, Susanne 2018 Eco-social Transformation and Community-based Economy. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351119863
Fele, Giolo, and Pier Paolo Giglioli 2019 Il rituale come forma specifica di azione e di pratica sociale. Aut-au 303: 13–35.
Ferrando, Francesca 2020 Philosophical Posthumanism. New York: Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350059511
Frisby, Wendy, Patricia Maguire and Colleen Reid 2009 The ‘F’ Word has Everything to Do with it: How Feminist Theories Inform Action Research. Action Research 7(1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750308099595
Gatusa, Lamu 2009 Matriarchal Marriage Patterns of the Mosuo People of China. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present, and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 240–47. Toronto: Inanna.
Gimbutas, Marija 1989 The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper.
The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: Harper.
Giordan, Giuseppe, Leslie J. Francis and Giuseppe Crea 2018 The Persistence of Spiritual Experience among Churchgoing and Non-Church-going Italians: Sociological and Psychological Perspectives. Journal of Contemporary Religion 33(3): 447–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2018.1535371
Göttner-Abendroth, Heide 2013 Le società matriarcali: studi sulle culture indigene del mondo. Rome: Venexia.
Geschichte matriarchaler Gesellschaften und Entstehung des Patriarchats: Band III: West-asien und Europa. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag.
Matriarchale Gesellschaften der Gegenwart: Band I: Ostasien, Indonesien, Pazifischer Raum. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag.
Göttner-Abendroth, Heide (ed.) 2009 Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future. Toronto: Inanna.
Harper, Gary, Cecile Lardon, Julian Rappaport, Audrey K. Bangi, Richard Contreras and Ana Pedraza 2004 Community Narratives: The Use of Narrative Ethnography in Participatory Community Research. In Participatory Community Research: Theories and Methods in Action, edited by Leopold Jason, 199–217. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10726-011
Heron, John 1999 The Complete Facilitator’s Handbook. London: Kogan Page.
Klin-Oron, Adam 2020 The Cultivation of “Wild Channeling”: Lived Religion as a Normalizing Force. Journal of Contemporary Religion 35(2): 177–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2020.1759899
Knibbe, Kim 2020 Is Critique Possible in the Study of Lived Religion? Anthropological and Feminist Reflections. Journal of Contemporary Religion 35(2): 251–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2020.1759904
Livingstone, Glenys 2005 PaGaian Cosmology: Re-inventing Earth-based Goddess Religion. New York: iUniverse Inc.
Lüddeckens, Dorothea 2018 Alternative Death Rituals in Switzerland: Building a Community of Shared Emotions and Practices. Journal of Contemporary Religion 33(1): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2018.1408284
Mann, Barbara A. 2009 They are the Soul of the Councils: The Iroquoian Model of Woman-power. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 57–69. Toronto: Inanna.
Montesarchio, Gianni, and Claudia Venuleo 2002 Narrare il setting per narrare. In Colloquio in corso, edited by Gianni Montesarchio. Milan: Franco Angeli.
Moulaert, Frank (ed.) 2013 The International Handbook on Social Innovation: Collective Action, Social Learning and Transdisciplinary Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Muthien, Bernedette 2009 Beyond Patriarchy and Violence: The Hoisin and Partnership. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 145–58. Toronto: Inanna.
Olowaili, Antje 2009 Goldmother Bore Human Children into the World: The Culture of the Kuna. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 80–91. Toronto: Inanna.
Osafo, Gray A. 2009 Akan Healing Heritage. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 129–36. Toronto: Inanna.
Palmer, Susan 2017 Renegade Researchers, Radical Religions, Recalcitrant Ethics Boards: Towards the “McDonaldization” of Social Research in North America. Fieldwork in Religion 12(2): 239–58. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.35670
Reason, Peter, and Hilary Bradbury (eds) 2001 Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. Los Angeles: Sage.
Remund, Ariel 2019 Facing the Other: Religious and Community Leaders’ Negotiations of Religious Difference in Hobart, Tasmania. Fieldwork in Religion 14(1): 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.39234
Romm, Norma R. 2018 Responsible Research Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74386-8
Ross, Katie, and Cynthia Mitchell 2018 Transforming Transdisciplinarity: An Expansion of Strong Transdisciplinarity and Its Centrality in Enabling Effective Collaboration. In Transdisciplinary Theory, Practice and Education, edited by Dena Fam, Linda Neuhauser and Paul Gibbs, 39–56. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93743-4_4
Rountree, Kathryn 2017 Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Journal of Contemporary Religion 32(1): 179–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2016.1256695
Ruxian, Yang 2009 The Kinship System of the Mosuo in China. In Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by Heide Göttner-Abendroth, 230–39. Toronto: Inanna.
Sanday, Peggy R. 2002 Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sarason, Seymour B. 1974 The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schussler, Aura E. 2020 Posthumanism and Ecofeminist Theology: Toward a Nondualist Spirituality. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 19(57): 32–46.
Seligman, Adam B., Robert P. Weller, Simon Bennet and Michael J. Puett 2008 Ritual and Its Consequences: An Essay on the Limits of Sincerity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336009.001.0001
Shpungin, Elaine, Nicole Allen, Colleen Loomis and Marie Ellen Dello Stritto 2012 Keeping the Spirit Alive: Using Feminist Methodology to Address Silencing as a Structural Issue. Journal of Community Psychology 40(1): 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20481
Utriainen, Terhi 2020 Lived Religion Meets Secular Life: The Dynamics of Framing and the Subjunctive Power of Ritual. Journal of Contemporary Religion 35(2): 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2020.1759900
Vaughan, Genevieve 1997 For-giving: A Feminist Criticism of Exchange. Texas: Plain View Press.
Von Unger, Hella, and Petra Narimani (eds) 2014 Forschungsethik in der qualitativen Forschung: Reflexivität, Perspektiven, Positionen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04289-9
Winkel, Heidemarie 2019 Religious Cultures and Gender Cultures: Tracing Gender Differences across Religious Cultures. Journal of Contemporary Religion 34(2): 241–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2019.1621540
Winter, Emily 2017 An Activist Religiosity? Exploring Christian Support for the Occupy Movement. Journal of Contemporary Religion 32(1): 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2016.1256648