From “Closed Worlds” to “Open Doors”
(Now) Accessing Deobandi 'darul uloom' in Britain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.35029Keywords:
access, darul uloom, research, methodology, Muslims, Britain, seminary, reflexivityAbstract
In 2005, I documented my unsuccessful attempts to conduct qualitative research in a particular group of British Islamic seminaries responsible for training future imams and scholars ('ulama). These seminaries or "darul uloom" (in Arabic, "house of knowledge", often abbreviated "DU") reflect the "Deobandi" tradition due to their origins in the town of Deoband, India, in the nineteenth century. My article, published in the journal Fieldwork in Religion, considered the circumstantial, contextual, and historical factors that might explain why access was apparently impossible for social science researchers, at the time. In this article, twelve years on, I explore why research access is now more possible in at least some Deobandi institutions. These include developmental changes within and outside these seminaries, and aspects of personal and professional biography. My article considers the processual nature of research access, and the need for a felicitous convergence of circumstantial and biographical conditions.
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References
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Alexander, Claire 2000 The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity. Oxford: Berg.
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Anwar, M. 1979 The Myth of Return. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Atkinson, Paul 2015 For Ethnography. London: Sage.
Beckford, J., and S. Gilliat 1998 Religion in Prison: Equal Rites in a Multi-Faith Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511520815
Birt, Jonathan 2005 Locating the British Imam: The Deobandi ‘Ulama between Contested Authority and Public Policy Post-9/11. In European Muslims and the Secular State, edited by Jocelyn Cesari and Sean McLoughlin, 183–96. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Birt, Jonathan, and Philip Lewis 2011 The Pattern of Islamic Reform in Britain: The Deobandis between intra-Muslim Sectarianism and Engagement with Wider Society. In Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, edited by Stefano Allievi and Martin van Bruinessen, 91–120. London: Routledge.
Bloor, Michael 1999 On the Analysis of Observational Data: A Discussion of the Worth and Uses of Inductive Techniques and Respondent Validation. In Qualitative Research, edited by Alan Bryman and Robert Burgess, 445–54. London: Sage.
Bolognani, Marta 2009 Crime and Muslim Britain: Race, Culture and the Politics of Criminology among British Pakistanis. London: I.B. Tauris.
Bowen, Innes 2014 Medina In Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. London: Hurst.
Boyle, Helen 2004 Quranic Schools: Agents of Preservation and Change. London: RoutledgeFalmer. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203337097
Brettell, Caroline 1993a When They Read What We Write: The Politics of Ethnography. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
----- 1993b Whose History Is It? Selection and Representation in the Creation of a Text. In When the Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 93–106. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Castells, Manuel 1997 The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Davis, Dona 1983 Blood and Nerves: An Ethnographic Focus on Menopause. St Johns, Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland Institute of Social and Economic Research.
Fergusson, James 2017 Al-Britannia, My Country: A Journey through Muslim Britain. London: Bantam Press.
Field, Clive D. 2014 Measuring Religious Affiliation in Great Britain: The 2011 Census in Historical and Methodological Context. Religion 44(3): 357–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.903643
Francis, Leslie J., and Ursula McKenna 2017 The Religious and Social Correlates of Muslim Identity: An Empirical Enquiry into Religification among Male Adolescents in the UK. Oxford Review of Education 43(5): 550–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2017.1352351
Geaves, Ron 2008 Drawing on the Past to Transform the Present: Contemporary Challenges for Training and Preparing British Imams. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28(1): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000802011846
----- 2015 An Exploration of the Viability of Partnership between dar al-ulum and Higher Education Institutions in North West England focusing upon Pedagogy and Relevance. British Journal of Religious Education 37(1): 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2013.830958
Gent, Bill 2006 The Educational Experience of British Muslims: Some Life-story Images. Muslim Education Quarterly 23(3-4): 33–42.
----- 2011a But “You Can”t Retire as a Hafiz”: Fieldwork within a British Hifz Class. Muslim Education Quarterly 24(1-2): 55–63.
----- 2011b The World of the British hifz Class Student: Observations, Findings and Implications for Education and Further Research. British Journal of Religious Education 33(1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523516
----- 2016 The Hidden Olympians: The Role of huffaz in the English Muslim Community. Contemporary Islam 10(1): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-014-0321-z
Gilliat-Ray, S. 2001 Sociological Perspectives on the Pastoral Care of Minority Faiths in Hospital. In Spirituality in Health Care Contexts, edited by H. Orchard,135–46. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
----- 2005 Closed Worlds: (Not) Accessing Deobandi dar ul-uloom in Britain. Fieldwork in Religion 1(1): 7–33.
----- 2010a Body-works and Fieldwork: Research with British Muslim Chaplains. Culture and Religion 11(4): 413–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2010.527615
----- 2010b Muslims in Britain: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780233
----- 2011 “Being There”: The Experience of Shadowing a British Muslim Hospital Chaplain. Qualitative Research 11(5): 469–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794111413223
----- 2015 The United Kingdom. In The Oxford Handbook of European Islam, edited by J. Cesari, 64–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilliat-Ray, S., M. M. Ali, and S. Pattison 2013 Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Gilliat-Ray, S., and M. Arshad 2015 Multi-faith Working. In A Handbook of Chaplaincy Studies: Understanding Spiritual Care in Public Places, edited by C. Swift, M. Cobb, and A. Todd, 109–122. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Greenburg, Ofra 1993 When They Read What the Papers Say We Wrote. In When the Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 107–118. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Hafiz, Asim 2015 Muslim Chaplaincy in the UK: The Chaplaincy Approach as a Way to a Modern Imamate. Religion, State and Society 43(1): 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2015.1022042
Handler, Richard 1993 Fieldwork in Quebec, Scholarly Reviews, and Anthropological Dialogues. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 67–74. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Harrison, Jane, Lesley MacGibbon, and Missy Morton 2001 Regimes of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: The Rigors of Reciprocity. Qualitative Inquiry 7(3): 323–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040100700305
Hopkins, Marycarol 1993 Is Anonymity Possible? Writing about Refugees in the United States. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 119–29. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Hornsby-Smith, Michael 1993 Gaining Access. In Reseaching Social Life, edited by Nigel Gilbert, 52–67. London: Sage.
Izraeli, Dafna, and Todd Jick 1986 The Art of Saying No: Linking Power to Culture. Organisation Studies 7(2): 171–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068600700206
Jaffe, Alexandra 1993 Involvement, Detachment, and Representation on Corsica. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 51–66. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Joly, Daniele 1988 Making a Place for Islam in British Society: Muslims in Birmingham. In The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe, edited by Tomas Gerholm and Yngve Georg Lithman, 32–52. London: Mansell.
Kane, Cheikh Hamidou 1972 Ambiguous Adventure. London: Heinemann.
Karlsen, Saffron, and James Y. Nazroo 2015 Ethnic and Religious Differences in the Attitudes of People towards being “British”. The Sociological Review 63(4): 759–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12313
Landres, Shawn 2002 Being (in) the Field: Ethnography in Southern California and Central Slovakia. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 100–112. New York: New York University Press.
Lewis, Philip 2002 Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims. London: I.B. Tauris.
----- 2015a Between Diaspora and Mainstream: Making Sense of Muslim Communities in Britain. Anvil 31(1): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1515/anv-2015-0002
----- 2015b The Civic, Religious and Political Incorporation of British Muslims and the Role of the Anglican Church: Whose Incorporation, Which Islam? Journal of Anglican Studies 13(2): 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174035531500011X
Lindholm, Charles 2002 The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change. Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/
10.1002/9780470696170
Lofland, John, and Lyn Lofland 1995 Analysing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Mahmood, Hamid 2012 The dars-e-nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist madaris in Britain. MA thesis. London: Queen Mary University of London.
McCarthy Brown, Karen 2002 Writing about “the Other” Revisited. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 127–33. New York: New York University Press.
McGuire, Meredith 2002 New-Old Directions in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: Ethnography, Phenomenology, and the Human Body. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 195–211. New York: New York University Press.
Metcalf, Barbara 1982 Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400856107
Metcalf, Peter 2002 They Lie, We Lie: Getting on with Anthropology. London: Routledge.
Moosa, Ebrahim 2015 What is a Madrasa? Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469620138.001.0001
Mukadam, Mohamed, and Alison Scott-Baumann 2010 The Training and Development of Muslim Faith Leaders: Current Practice and Future Possibilities. London: Communities and Local Government.
Nadwi, Mohammad Akram 2007 Madrasah Life: A Student’s Day at Nadwat al-Ulama. London: Turath Publishing.
Narayan, Uma 1989 The Project of Feminist Epistemology: Perspectives from a Non-Western Feminist. In Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing, edited by Alison M. Jagger and S. Bordo, 256–69. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Richardson, Laurel 2000 Writing: A Method of Inquiry. In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 923–48. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Robinson, Francis 1982 Atlas of the Islamic World since 1500. Amsterdam: Time Life Books.
Schwartzman, Helen 1993 Ethnography in Organisations. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984119
Scott-Baumann, Alison, and Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor 2015 Islamic Education in Britain: New Pluralist Paradigms. London: Bloomsbury.
Scourfield, Jonathan, Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Asma Khan, and Sameh Otri 2013 Muslim Childhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600311.001.0001
Shaw, Alison 2000 Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Sheehan, Elizabeth 1993 The Student of Culture and the Ethnography of Irish Intellectuals. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 75–90. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Sherif, Jamil 2011 A Census Chronicle: Reflections on the Campaign for a Religion Question in the 2001 Census for England and Wales. Journal of Beliefs and Values 32(1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2011.549306
Spickard, James 2002 On the Epistemology of Post-Colonial Ethnography. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 237–52. New York: New York University Press.
Versi, Ahmed 2003 Muslim Leader’s Detention Condemned. The Muslim News (November 28): 2.
Wilcox, Melissa 2002 Dancing on the Fence: Researching Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Christians. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 47–62. New York: New York University Press.
Wolcott, Harry F. 1999 Ethnography: A Way of Seeing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Winter, Tim, and Abdal Hakim Murad 2015 Foreword. In Alison Scott-Baumann and Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor, Islamic Education in Britain: New Pluralist Paradigms. London: Bloomsbury.
Alexander, Claire 2000 The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity. Oxford: Berg.
Ali, M., and S. Gilliat-Ray 2012 Muslim Chaplains: Working at the Interface of “Public” and “Private”. In Muslims in Britain: Making Social and Political Space, edited by W. Ahmad and Z. Sardar, 84–100. London: Routledge.
Ali, Sundas 2015 British Muslims in Numbers: A Demographic, Socio-economic and Health Profile of Muslims in Britain drawing on the 2011 Census. London: Muslim Council of Britain.
Anwar, M. 1979 The Myth of Return. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Atkinson, Paul 2015 For Ethnography. London: Sage.
Beckford, J., and S. Gilliat 1998 Religion in Prison: Equal Rites in a Multi-Faith Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511520815
Birt, Jonathan 2005 Locating the British Imam: The Deobandi ‘Ulama between Contested Authority and Public Policy Post-9/11. In European Muslims and the Secular State, edited by Jocelyn Cesari and Sean McLoughlin, 183–96. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Birt, Jonathan, and Philip Lewis 2011 The Pattern of Islamic Reform in Britain: The Deobandis between intra-Muslim Sectarianism and Engagement with Wider Society. In Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, edited by Stefano Allievi and Martin van Bruinessen, 91–120. London: Routledge.
Bloor, Michael 1999 On the Analysis of Observational Data: A Discussion of the Worth and Uses of Inductive Techniques and Respondent Validation. In Qualitative Research, edited by Alan Bryman and Robert Burgess, 445–54. London: Sage.
Bolognani, Marta 2009 Crime and Muslim Britain: Race, Culture and the Politics of Criminology among British Pakistanis. London: I.B. Tauris.
Bowen, Innes 2014 Medina In Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. London: Hurst.
Boyle, Helen 2004 Quranic Schools: Agents of Preservation and Change. London: RoutledgeFalmer. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203337097
Brettell, Caroline 1993a When They Read What We Write: The Politics of Ethnography. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
----- 1993b Whose History Is It? Selection and Representation in the Creation of a Text. In When the Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 93–106. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Castells, Manuel 1997 The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Davis, Dona 1983 Blood and Nerves: An Ethnographic Focus on Menopause. St Johns, Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland Institute of Social and Economic Research.
Fergusson, James 2017 Al-Britannia, My Country: A Journey through Muslim Britain. London: Bantam Press.
Field, Clive D. 2014 Measuring Religious Affiliation in Great Britain: The 2011 Census in Historical and Methodological Context. Religion 44(3): 357–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.903643
Francis, Leslie J., and Ursula McKenna 2017 The Religious and Social Correlates of Muslim Identity: An Empirical Enquiry into Religification among Male Adolescents in the UK. Oxford Review of Education 43(5): 550–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2017.1352351
Geaves, Ron 2008 Drawing on the Past to Transform the Present: Contemporary Challenges for Training and Preparing British Imams. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28(1): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000802011846
----- 2015 An Exploration of the Viability of Partnership between dar al-ulum and Higher Education Institutions in North West England focusing upon Pedagogy and Relevance. British Journal of Religious Education 37(1): 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2013.830958
Gent, Bill 2006 The Educational Experience of British Muslims: Some Life-story Images. Muslim Education Quarterly 23(3-4): 33–42.
----- 2011a But “You Can”t Retire as a Hafiz”: Fieldwork within a British Hifz Class. Muslim Education Quarterly 24(1-2): 55–63.
----- 2011b The World of the British hifz Class Student: Observations, Findings and Implications for Education and Further Research. British Journal of Religious Education 33(1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523516
----- 2016 The Hidden Olympians: The Role of huffaz in the English Muslim Community. Contemporary Islam 10(1): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-014-0321-z
Gilliat-Ray, S. 2001 Sociological Perspectives on the Pastoral Care of Minority Faiths in Hospital. In Spirituality in Health Care Contexts, edited by H. Orchard,135–46. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
----- 2005 Closed Worlds: (Not) Accessing Deobandi dar ul-uloom in Britain. Fieldwork in Religion 1(1): 7–33.
----- 2010a Body-works and Fieldwork: Research with British Muslim Chaplains. Culture and Religion 11(4): 413–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2010.527615
----- 2010b Muslims in Britain: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780233
----- 2011 “Being There”: The Experience of Shadowing a British Muslim Hospital Chaplain. Qualitative Research 11(5): 469–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794111413223
----- 2015 The United Kingdom. In The Oxford Handbook of European Islam, edited by J. Cesari, 64–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilliat-Ray, S., M. M. Ali, and S. Pattison 2013 Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Gilliat-Ray, S., and M. Arshad 2015 Multi-faith Working. In A Handbook of Chaplaincy Studies: Understanding Spiritual Care in Public Places, edited by C. Swift, M. Cobb, and A. Todd, 109–122. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Greenburg, Ofra 1993 When They Read What the Papers Say We Wrote. In When the Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 107–118. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Hafiz, Asim 2015 Muslim Chaplaincy in the UK: The Chaplaincy Approach as a Way to a Modern Imamate. Religion, State and Society 43(1): 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2015.1022042
Handler, Richard 1993 Fieldwork in Quebec, Scholarly Reviews, and Anthropological Dialogues. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 67–74. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Harrison, Jane, Lesley MacGibbon, and Missy Morton 2001 Regimes of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: The Rigors of Reciprocity. Qualitative Inquiry 7(3): 323–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040100700305
Hopkins, Marycarol 1993 Is Anonymity Possible? Writing about Refugees in the United States. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 119–29. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Hornsby-Smith, Michael 1993 Gaining Access. In Reseaching Social Life, edited by Nigel Gilbert, 52–67. London: Sage.
Izraeli, Dafna, and Todd Jick 1986 The Art of Saying No: Linking Power to Culture. Organisation Studies 7(2): 171–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068600700206
Jaffe, Alexandra 1993 Involvement, Detachment, and Representation on Corsica. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 51–66. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Joly, Daniele 1988 Making a Place for Islam in British Society: Muslims in Birmingham. In The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe, edited by Tomas Gerholm and Yngve Georg Lithman, 32–52. London: Mansell.
Kane, Cheikh Hamidou 1972 Ambiguous Adventure. London: Heinemann.
Karlsen, Saffron, and James Y. Nazroo 2015 Ethnic and Religious Differences in the Attitudes of People towards being “British”. The Sociological Review 63(4): 759–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12313
Landres, Shawn 2002 Being (in) the Field: Ethnography in Southern California and Central Slovakia. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 100–112. New York: New York University Press.
Lewis, Philip 2002 Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims. London: I.B. Tauris.
----- 2015a Between Diaspora and Mainstream: Making Sense of Muslim Communities in Britain. Anvil 31(1): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1515/anv-2015-0002
----- 2015b The Civic, Religious and Political Incorporation of British Muslims and the Role of the Anglican Church: Whose Incorporation, Which Islam? Journal of Anglican Studies 13(2): 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174035531500011X
Lindholm, Charles 2002 The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change. Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/
10.1002/9780470696170
Lofland, John, and Lyn Lofland 1995 Analysing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Mahmood, Hamid 2012 The dars-e-nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist madaris in Britain. MA thesis. London: Queen Mary University of London.
McCarthy Brown, Karen 2002 Writing about “the Other” Revisited. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 127–33. New York: New York University Press.
McGuire, Meredith 2002 New-Old Directions in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: Ethnography, Phenomenology, and the Human Body. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 195–211. New York: New York University Press.
Metcalf, Barbara 1982 Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400856107
Metcalf, Peter 2002 They Lie, We Lie: Getting on with Anthropology. London: Routledge.
Moosa, Ebrahim 2015 What is a Madrasa? Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469620138.001.0001
Mukadam, Mohamed, and Alison Scott-Baumann 2010 The Training and Development of Muslim Faith Leaders: Current Practice and Future Possibilities. London: Communities and Local Government.
Nadwi, Mohammad Akram 2007 Madrasah Life: A Student’s Day at Nadwat al-Ulama. London: Turath Publishing.
Narayan, Uma 1989 The Project of Feminist Epistemology: Perspectives from a Non-Western Feminist. In Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing, edited by Alison M. Jagger and S. Bordo, 256–69. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Richardson, Laurel 2000 Writing: A Method of Inquiry. In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 923–48. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Robinson, Francis 1982 Atlas of the Islamic World since 1500. Amsterdam: Time Life Books.
Schwartzman, Helen 1993 Ethnography in Organisations. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984119
Scott-Baumann, Alison, and Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor 2015 Islamic Education in Britain: New Pluralist Paradigms. London: Bloomsbury.
Scourfield, Jonathan, Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Asma Khan, and Sameh Otri 2013 Muslim Childhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600311.001.0001
Shaw, Alison 2000 Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Sheehan, Elizabeth 1993 The Student of Culture and the Ethnography of Irish Intellectuals. In When They Read What We Write, edited by Caroline Brettell, 75–90. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey.
Sherif, Jamil 2011 A Census Chronicle: Reflections on the Campaign for a Religion Question in the 2001 Census for England and Wales. Journal of Beliefs and Values 32(1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2011.549306
Spickard, James 2002 On the Epistemology of Post-Colonial Ethnography. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 237–52. New York: New York University Press.
Versi, Ahmed 2003 Muslim Leader’s Detention Condemned. The Muslim News (November 28): 2.
Wilcox, Melissa 2002 Dancing on the Fence: Researching Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Christians. In Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion, edited by James Spickard, Shawn Landres, and Meredith McGuire, 47–62. New York: New York University Press.
Wolcott, Harry F. 1999 Ethnography: A Way of Seeing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Winter, Tim, and Abdal Hakim Murad 2015 Foreword. In Alison Scott-Baumann and Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor, Islamic Education in Britain: New Pluralist Paradigms. London: Bloomsbury.
Published
2018-12-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Gilliat-Ray, S. (2018). From “Closed Worlds” to “Open Doors”: (Now) Accessing Deobandi ’darul uloom’ in Britain. Fieldwork in Religion, 13(2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.35029
