Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence
Much More than a “Non-Belief”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/eph.v21i2.1Keywords:
humanism, non-belief, horizontal transcendence, atheismAbstract
Much of the reigning research on non-religion and non-belief focuses on demographics and personality characteristics. While this is a necessary foundation on which future research may be built upon, such data does not necessarily produce theory. In many ways the dominant cultural milieu of religions along with the benign intent of some researchers force a person who holds no belief in a God to assume an oppositional identity in relation to religion. This oppositional identity tautologically sets researchers up to continually define its object by the absence of something. This something cannot always function as a normative point of reference in which to tell researchers what to look for. This article provides one such normative trajectory, termed “horizontal transcendence.”
References
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Bailey, Edward. 2010. “Implicit Religion,” Religion 40.4: 271–278.
Barrett, Justin L. 2010. “The Relative Unnaturalness of Atheism: On Why Geertz and Markusson are Both Right and Wrong,” Religion 40.3: 169–172.
Barrett, Justin L., and Jonathan A. Lanman. 2008. “The Science of Religious Beliefs,” Religion 38.2: 109–124.
Beaman, Lori G. 2013. “The Will to Religion: Obligatory Religious Citizenship,” Critical Research on Religion 1.2: 141–157.
Beck, Richard, and Jonathan P. Miller. 2001. “Erosion of Belief and Disbelief: Effects of Religiosity and Negative Affect on Beliefs in the Paranormal and Supernatural,” Journal of Social Psychology 141.2: 277–287.
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 2007. “Atheists: A Psychological Profile,” The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. Michael Martin, pp. 300–317. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Belzen, Jacob A. 2010. Towards Cultural Psychology of Religion. Berlin: Springer.
Berger, Peter L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Doubleday.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Penguin.
Barnard, G. W. 1997. Exploring Unseen Worlds: William James and the Philosophy of Mysticism. Albany: State University of New York Press.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
14
Bering, Jesse. 2010. “Atheism is Only Skin Deep: Geertz and Markússon Rely Mistakenly on Sociodemographic Data as Meaningful Indicators of Underlying Cognition,” Religion 40.3: 166–168.
Bering, Jesse. 2012. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: W.W. Norton.
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Bruce, Steve. 2011. Secularization: In Defense of an Unfashionable Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruner, Jerome. 1986. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Caldwell-Harris, Catherine L. 2012. “Understanding Atheism/Non-Belief as an Expected Individual-Differences Variable,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 4–23.
Chaves, Mark. 1989. “Secularization and Religious Revival: Evidence From US Church Attendance Rates, 1972–1986,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28.4: 464–477.
Chaves, Mark. 1993. “Intraorganizational Power and Internal Secularization in Protestant Denominations,” American Journal of Sociology 99.1: 1–48.
Chaves, Mark. 1994. “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority,” Social Forces 72.3: 749–774.
Christina, Greta. 2007. “Dancing Molecules: An Atheist Moment of Transcendence.” Greta Christina’s Blog (4 May 2007), accessed 10 December 2013. Available online at http://gretachristina.typepad.com/greta_christinas_weblog/2007/05/dancing_molecul.html.
Coleman III, Thomas J. 2013. “The Secular Reality.” The Religious Studies Project Podcast Series (6 February 2013). Online at http://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/2013/02/06/thesecular-reality-by-thomas-j-coleman-iii/
Coleman III, Thomas J. 2013. “Implicit Frameworks: The Tyrannical Hegemonic Discourse.” Nonreligion & Secularity blog (1 November 2013), accessed 13 December 2013. Online at http://blog.nsrn.net/2013/11/01/implicit-frameworks-the-tyrannical-hegemonic-discourse/
Coleman III, Thomas J., Ralph W. Hood Jr., and Christopher F. Silver. 2013. “Horizontal and Vertical Transcendence; A Theory, the Paradigm, and Research,” paper presented at the 2013 International Association for the Psychology of Religion World Congress in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence: Much More than a “Non-Belief”
15
Coleman III, Thomas J., Christopher F. Silver, Matthew C. Durham, and Ralph W. Hood Jr. (under review) “A Step Away From ‘Religious’ Language: Toward New Terminologies.”
Clay, Elonda. 2009. “Two Turntables and a Microphone: Turntablism, Ritual and Implicit Religion,” Culture and Religion 10.1: 23–38.
Durkheim, Emile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Eliade, Mircea. 1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Feyerabend, Paul. 1975. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.
Francis, Leslie J., and Mandy Robbins. 2007. “Belonging Without Believing: A Study in the Social Significance of Anglican Identity and Implicit Religion Among 13–15 Year-old Males,” Implicit Religion 7.1: 37–54.
Galen, Luke W. 2012. “Does Religious Belief Promote Prosociality? A Critical Examination,” Psychological Bulletin 138.5: 876–906.
Geertz, Armin W., and Guðmundur I. Markússon. 2010. “Religion is Natural, Atheism is Not: On Why Everybody is Both Right and Wrong,” Religion 40.3: 152–165.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
Goodenough, Ursula. 1998. The Sacred Depths of Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Guba, Egon G., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1994. “Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research,” Handbook of Qualitative Research, ed. N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, pp. 105– 117. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage.
Guthrie, Stewart. 1993. Faces in the Clouds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hitchens, Christopher. 2008. “Christopher Hitchens vs. Douglas Wilson Debate at Westminster.” Recorded 30 October 2008, posted at Christopher Hitchslap youtube channel on 30 November 2011. Online at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6UU9C-WmvM.
Hood Jr., Ralph W., Peter C. Hill, and Bernard Spilka. 2009. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hood Jr, Ralph W. 1975. “The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 14.1: 29–41.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
16
Hood, Ralph W. 2000. “American Psychology of Religion and the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39.4: 531–543.
Hood Jr., Ralph W. 2012. “Methodological Agnosticism for the Socials Sciences? Lessons from Sorokin’s and James’s Allusions to Psychoanalysis, Mysticism, and Godly Love,” in The Science and Theology of Godly Love, ed. Matthew T. Lee and Amos Yong, pp. 121–140. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
Hood Jr., Ralph W. 2012. “The Explanation of Atheism as an Individual-Differences Variable: An Appreciative Response,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 27–29.
James, William. 1985 (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Johnson, Dominic. 2012. “What are Atheists for? Hypotheses on the Functions of Non-Belief in the Evolution of Religion,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 48–70.
Keltner, Dacher, and Jonathan Haidt. 2003. “Approaching Awe: A Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 17.2: 297–314.
Kluger, Jeffrey. 2013. “Why There Are No Atheists at the Grand Canyon.” Time magazine (27 November 2013). Online at http://science.time.com/2013/11/27/why-there-are-no-atheists-atthe-grand-canyon/.
Koenig, Harold G. 2012. Spirituality and Health Research: Methods, Measurements, Statistics, and Resources. West Conshohocken, Penn.: Templeton Foundation Press.
Ladd, Kevin L., and Catherine Borshuk. 2013. “Metaphysical Chauvinism and Perceptions of Deviance in Religion, Atheism, and Alien Realms,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 23.4: 325–337.
Lakatos, Imre. 1980. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Lois. 2012. “Research Note: Talking About a Revolution: Terminology for the New Field of Non-Religion Studies,” Journal of Contemporary Religion 27.1: 129–139.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Luckmann, Thomas. 1990. “Shrinking Transcendence, Expanding Religion?” Sociology of Religion 51.2: 127–138.
Lawson, E. Thomas, and Robert N. McCauley. 2002. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence: Much More than a “Non-Belief”
17
Merton, Robert K. 1995. “The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect,” Social Forces 74.2: 379–422.
McCutcheon, Russell T. 1997. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCutcheon, Russell. 2007. “‘They Licked the Platter Clean’: On the Co-Dependency of the Religious and the Secular,” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 19.3-4: 173–199.
McCutcheon, Russell T. 2010. “Will Your Cognitive Anchor Hold in the Storms of Culture?” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78.4: 1182–1193.
Oviedo, Luis. 2012. “Struggling with Secularization,” Reviews in Religion and Theology 19.2: 188–199.
Paloutzian, Raymond F., and Crystal L. Park. 2013. “Recent Progress and Core Issues in the Science of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality” in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd edn, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian and Crystal L. Park, pp. 3–22. New York: Guilford Press.
Porpora, Douglas V. 2006. “Methodological Atheism, Methodological Agnosticism and Religious Experience,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 36.1: 57–75.
Pratt, Douglas. 2013. “The Persistence and Problem of Religion: Modernity, Continuity and Diversity,” Australian Religion Studies Review 25.3: 273–292.
Rogers, Everett M. 2010. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The Psychological Theory of Implicit Religiosity,” Implicit Religion 6.2: 86–104.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2013. “On Method: A Foundation for Empirical Research on Implicit Religion,” Implicit Religion 15.4: 407–422. Shook, John R. 2012. “Atheists are Rejecting Today’s Culturally Evolved Religions, not a “First” Natural Religion,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 38–40.
Silver, Christopher F. 2013. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of type and Narrative. Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga.
Silver, Christopher F., and Thomas J. Coleman III. 2013. “Non-Belief in America Research,” website posting on 17 July 2013, accessed 10 December 2013, at http://atheismresearch.com/.
Streib, Heinz, and Constantin Klein. 2013. “Atheists, Agnostics, and Apostates,” in APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, Volume 1, ed. K.I. Pargament, J. Exline, and J.W. Jones, pp. 713–728. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
18
Streib, Heinz, and Ralph W. Hood Jr., 2013. “Modeling the Religious Field: Religion, Spirituality, Mysticism, and Related World Views,” Implicit Religion 16.2: 133–155.
Taves, Ann. 2009. Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-Block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Valdesolo, Piercarlo, and Jesse Graham. 2013. “Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection,” Psychological Science published online before print on 18 November 2013, doi: 10.1177/0956797613501884.
Vergote, Antoon. 1986. “Two Opposed Viewpoints Concerning the Object of the Psychology of Religion,” in Current Issues in the Psychology of Religion, ed. J.A. van Belzen and J.M. van der Lans, pp. 67–75. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Vergote, Antoon. 1997. Religion, Belief and Unbelief: A Psychological Study. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.
Bailey, Edward. 2010. “Implicit Religion,” Religion 40.4: 271–278.
Barrett, Justin L. 2010. “The Relative Unnaturalness of Atheism: On Why Geertz and Markusson are Both Right and Wrong,” Religion 40.3: 169–172.
Barrett, Justin L., and Jonathan A. Lanman. 2008. “The Science of Religious Beliefs,” Religion 38.2: 109–124.
Beaman, Lori G. 2013. “The Will to Religion: Obligatory Religious Citizenship,” Critical Research on Religion 1.2: 141–157.
Beck, Richard, and Jonathan P. Miller. 2001. “Erosion of Belief and Disbelief: Effects of Religiosity and Negative Affect on Beliefs in the Paranormal and Supernatural,” Journal of Social Psychology 141.2: 277–287.
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 2007. “Atheists: A Psychological Profile,” The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. Michael Martin, pp. 300–317. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Belzen, Jacob A. 2010. Towards Cultural Psychology of Religion. Berlin: Springer.
Berger, Peter L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Doubleday.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Penguin.
Barnard, G. W. 1997. Exploring Unseen Worlds: William James and the Philosophy of Mysticism. Albany: State University of New York Press.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
14
Bering, Jesse. 2010. “Atheism is Only Skin Deep: Geertz and Markússon Rely Mistakenly on Sociodemographic Data as Meaningful Indicators of Underlying Cognition,” Religion 40.3: 166–168.
Bering, Jesse. 2012. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: W.W. Norton.
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Bruce, Steve. 2011. Secularization: In Defense of an Unfashionable Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruner, Jerome. 1986. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Caldwell-Harris, Catherine L. 2012. “Understanding Atheism/Non-Belief as an Expected Individual-Differences Variable,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 4–23.
Chaves, Mark. 1989. “Secularization and Religious Revival: Evidence From US Church Attendance Rates, 1972–1986,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28.4: 464–477.
Chaves, Mark. 1993. “Intraorganizational Power and Internal Secularization in Protestant Denominations,” American Journal of Sociology 99.1: 1–48.
Chaves, Mark. 1994. “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority,” Social Forces 72.3: 749–774.
Christina, Greta. 2007. “Dancing Molecules: An Atheist Moment of Transcendence.” Greta Christina’s Blog (4 May 2007), accessed 10 December 2013. Available online at http://gretachristina.typepad.com/greta_christinas_weblog/2007/05/dancing_molecul.html.
Coleman III, Thomas J. 2013. “The Secular Reality.” The Religious Studies Project Podcast Series (6 February 2013). Online at http://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/2013/02/06/thesecular-reality-by-thomas-j-coleman-iii/
Coleman III, Thomas J. 2013. “Implicit Frameworks: The Tyrannical Hegemonic Discourse.” Nonreligion & Secularity blog (1 November 2013), accessed 13 December 2013. Online at http://blog.nsrn.net/2013/11/01/implicit-frameworks-the-tyrannical-hegemonic-discourse/
Coleman III, Thomas J., Ralph W. Hood Jr., and Christopher F. Silver. 2013. “Horizontal and Vertical Transcendence; A Theory, the Paradigm, and Research,” paper presented at the 2013 International Association for the Psychology of Religion World Congress in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence: Much More than a “Non-Belief”
15
Coleman III, Thomas J., Christopher F. Silver, Matthew C. Durham, and Ralph W. Hood Jr. (under review) “A Step Away From ‘Religious’ Language: Toward New Terminologies.”
Clay, Elonda. 2009. “Two Turntables and a Microphone: Turntablism, Ritual and Implicit Religion,” Culture and Religion 10.1: 23–38.
Durkheim, Emile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Eliade, Mircea. 1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Feyerabend, Paul. 1975. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.
Francis, Leslie J., and Mandy Robbins. 2007. “Belonging Without Believing: A Study in the Social Significance of Anglican Identity and Implicit Religion Among 13–15 Year-old Males,” Implicit Religion 7.1: 37–54.
Galen, Luke W. 2012. “Does Religious Belief Promote Prosociality? A Critical Examination,” Psychological Bulletin 138.5: 876–906.
Geertz, Armin W., and Guðmundur I. Markússon. 2010. “Religion is Natural, Atheism is Not: On Why Everybody is Both Right and Wrong,” Religion 40.3: 152–165.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
Goodenough, Ursula. 1998. The Sacred Depths of Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Guba, Egon G., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1994. “Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research,” Handbook of Qualitative Research, ed. N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, pp. 105– 117. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage.
Guthrie, Stewart. 1993. Faces in the Clouds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hitchens, Christopher. 2008. “Christopher Hitchens vs. Douglas Wilson Debate at Westminster.” Recorded 30 October 2008, posted at Christopher Hitchslap youtube channel on 30 November 2011. Online at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6UU9C-WmvM.
Hood Jr., Ralph W., Peter C. Hill, and Bernard Spilka. 2009. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hood Jr, Ralph W. 1975. “The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 14.1: 29–41.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
16
Hood, Ralph W. 2000. “American Psychology of Religion and the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39.4: 531–543.
Hood Jr., Ralph W. 2012. “Methodological Agnosticism for the Socials Sciences? Lessons from Sorokin’s and James’s Allusions to Psychoanalysis, Mysticism, and Godly Love,” in The Science and Theology of Godly Love, ed. Matthew T. Lee and Amos Yong, pp. 121–140. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
Hood Jr., Ralph W. 2012. “The Explanation of Atheism as an Individual-Differences Variable: An Appreciative Response,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 27–29.
James, William. 1985 (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Johnson, Dominic. 2012. “What are Atheists for? Hypotheses on the Functions of Non-Belief in the Evolution of Religion,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 48–70.
Keltner, Dacher, and Jonathan Haidt. 2003. “Approaching Awe: A Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 17.2: 297–314.
Kluger, Jeffrey. 2013. “Why There Are No Atheists at the Grand Canyon.” Time magazine (27 November 2013). Online at http://science.time.com/2013/11/27/why-there-are-no-atheists-atthe-grand-canyon/.
Koenig, Harold G. 2012. Spirituality and Health Research: Methods, Measurements, Statistics, and Resources. West Conshohocken, Penn.: Templeton Foundation Press.
Ladd, Kevin L., and Catherine Borshuk. 2013. “Metaphysical Chauvinism and Perceptions of Deviance in Religion, Atheism, and Alien Realms,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 23.4: 325–337.
Lakatos, Imre. 1980. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Lois. 2012. “Research Note: Talking About a Revolution: Terminology for the New Field of Non-Religion Studies,” Journal of Contemporary Religion 27.1: 129–139.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Luckmann, Thomas. 1990. “Shrinking Transcendence, Expanding Religion?” Sociology of Religion 51.2: 127–138.
Lawson, E. Thomas, and Robert N. McCauley. 2002. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence: Much More than a “Non-Belief”
17
Merton, Robert K. 1995. “The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect,” Social Forces 74.2: 379–422.
McCutcheon, Russell T. 1997. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCutcheon, Russell. 2007. “‘They Licked the Platter Clean’: On the Co-Dependency of the Religious and the Secular,” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 19.3-4: 173–199.
McCutcheon, Russell T. 2010. “Will Your Cognitive Anchor Hold in the Storms of Culture?” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78.4: 1182–1193.
Oviedo, Luis. 2012. “Struggling with Secularization,” Reviews in Religion and Theology 19.2: 188–199.
Paloutzian, Raymond F., and Crystal L. Park. 2013. “Recent Progress and Core Issues in the Science of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality” in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd edn, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian and Crystal L. Park, pp. 3–22. New York: Guilford Press.
Porpora, Douglas V. 2006. “Methodological Atheism, Methodological Agnosticism and Religious Experience,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 36.1: 57–75.
Pratt, Douglas. 2013. “The Persistence and Problem of Religion: Modernity, Continuity and Diversity,” Australian Religion Studies Review 25.3: 273–292.
Rogers, Everett M. 2010. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The Psychological Theory of Implicit Religiosity,” Implicit Religion 6.2: 86–104.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2013. “On Method: A Foundation for Empirical Research on Implicit Religion,” Implicit Religion 15.4: 407–422. Shook, John R. 2012. “Atheists are Rejecting Today’s Culturally Evolved Religions, not a “First” Natural Religion,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 2.1: 38–40.
Silver, Christopher F. 2013. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of type and Narrative. Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga.
Silver, Christopher F., and Thomas J. Coleman III. 2013. “Non-Belief in America Research,” website posting on 17 July 2013, accessed 10 December 2013, at http://atheismresearch.com/.
Streib, Heinz, and Constantin Klein. 2013. “Atheists, Agnostics, and Apostates,” in APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, Volume 1, ed. K.I. Pargament, J. Exline, and J.W. Jones, pp. 713–728. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
THOMAS J. COLEMAN III, CHRISTOPHER F. SILVER, and JENNY HOLCOMBE
18
Streib, Heinz, and Ralph W. Hood Jr., 2013. “Modeling the Religious Field: Religion, Spirituality, Mysticism, and Related World Views,” Implicit Religion 16.2: 133–155.
Taves, Ann. 2009. Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-Block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Valdesolo, Piercarlo, and Jesse Graham. 2013. “Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection,” Psychological Science published online before print on 18 November 2013, doi: 10.1177/0956797613501884.
Vergote, Antoon. 1986. “Two Opposed Viewpoints Concerning the Object of the Psychology of Religion,” in Current Issues in the Psychology of Religion, ed. J.A. van Belzen and J.M. van der Lans, pp. 67–75. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Vergote, Antoon. 1997. Religion, Belief and Unbelief: A Psychological Study. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.
Published
2014-05-19
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Coleman III, T., Silver, C., & Holcombe, J. (2014). Focusing on Horizontal Transcendence: Much More than a “Non-Belief”. Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, 21(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1558/eph.v21i2.1
