Managing rapport through persuasion
A multi-level analysis of COVID-19 in Chinese celebrity Weibo posts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.23804Keywords:
COVID-19, persuasion, social media, relational acts, rapport managementAbstract
This study analyses COVID-19 persuasive communication in the context of Chinese Weibo. Although COVID-19 has been investigated by linguistics scholars, little attention has been paid to how communication can help persuade and comfort people during the pandemic. Considering the exponentially augmented impact of digital platforms and their obvious public utility in the handling of future pandemics, it is worth studying the social media persuasive communication about COVID-19. Weibo, the Chinese version of Twitter, is an immensely popular platform where celebrity “influencers” shape views of the pandemic. From perspectives of relational acts and rapport management, this analysis of Chinese celebrity Weibo posts identifies persuasion at the lexical, syntactic and discursive levels to elucidate how celebrities reassure the public and manage relationships with their audience during the pandemic. The findings reveal that the celebrities use interactional metadiscourse lexicons, syntactic rhetorical devices and discursive framing strategies to maximise persuasion. This study broadens data sets of COVID-19 communications pertaining to the Chinese social media context, offers novel insights into rationales and frameworks of persuasion, and sheds light on the research of rapport management in celebrity discourse. Ultimately, it suggests that creating positive social media communication is an important goal during the pandemic.
References
Abdi, R. (2002). Interpersonal metadiscourse: An indicator of interaction and identity. Discourse Studies, 4(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456020040020101
Ädel, A. (2006). Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
AlKhawaldeh, A. A. (2021). Persuasive strategies of Jordanian government in fighting COVID-19. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 21(1), 274–293. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2021-2101-16
Benwell, B., & Stokoe, E. (2006). Discourse and identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Blankenship, K. L., & Craig, T. Y. (2007). Language and persuasion: Tag questions as powerless speech or as interpreted in context. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.012
Bresin, A. (2019). Perceptions of address practices in Italian interregional encounters: A case study of restaurant encounters. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.03.004
Chen, S.-J., Xiao, L., & Mao, J. (2021). Persuasion strategies of misinformation-containing posts in the social media. Information Processing and Management, 58, 102665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102665
Chung, S., & Cho, H. (2017). Fostering parasocial relationships with celebrities on social media: implications for celebrity endorsement. Psychology and Marketing, 34(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21001
Cialdini, R. B. (1984). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. New York: Quill.
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 201–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5
Cox, J. L. (2012). Politics in motion: Barack Obama’s use of movement metaphors. American Communications Journal, 14(2), 1–13.
DeAndrea, D. C., Shaw, A. S., & Levine, T. R. (2010). Online language: The role of culture in self-expression and self-construal on Facebook. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x10377989
Demjén, Z. (2016). Laughing at cancer: Humour, empowerment, solidarity and coping online. Journal of Pragmatics, 101, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.05.010
Dynel, M. (2021). COVID-19 memes going viral: On the multiple multimodal voices behind face masks. Discourse & Society, 32(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926520970385
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Fahnestock, J. (2011). Rhetorical style: The uses of language in persuasion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fairhurst, G. T. (2005). Reframing the art of framing: Problems and prospects for leadership. Leadership, 1(2), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715005051857
Feng, W., & Ren, W. (2019). “This is the destiny, darling”: Relational acts in Chinese management responses to online consumer reviews. Discourse, Context & Media, 28, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.09.003
Firth, J. R. (1964). The tongues of men [1937] and speech [1930]. London: Oxford University Press.
Goffman, E. (1975). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Guo, Y., & Ren, W. (2020). Managing image: The self-praise of celebrities on social media. Discourse, Context & Media, 38, 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100433
Hamamura, T., & Xu, Y. (2015). Changes in chinese culture as examined through changes in personal pronoun usage. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(7), 930–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115592968
Hart, R. P. (1997). Modern rhetorical criticism (2nd ed.). London: Allyn & Bacon.
Hay, J. (2001). The pragmatics of humor support. Humor, 14(1), 55–82.
Higgins, C., & Walker, R. (2012). Ethos, logos, pathos: Strategies of persuasion in social/environmental reports. Accounting Forum, 36(3), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2012.02.003
Ho, V. (2017a). Achieving service recovery through responding to negative online reviews. Discourse & Communication, 11(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316683292
Ho, V. (2017b). Giving offense and making amends: How hotel management attempts to manage rapport with dissatisfied customers. Journal of Pragmatics, 109, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.12.001
Ho, V., & Zhang, V. (2021). “Together, we fight the virus”: An exploratory study of the use of metadiscourse in Hong Kong’s Chinese newspapers. East Asian Pragmatics, 6(2), 161–183.
Holmes, J. (1984). Modifying illocutionary force. Journal of Pragmatics, 8(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(84)90028-6
Holmes, J., & Schnurr, S. (2005). Politeness, humor and gender in the workplace: Negotiating norms and identifying contestations. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.121
Huang, R., He, S.-J., & Kim, S.-H. (2018). Narrative persuasion in social media: An empirical study of luxury brand advertising, Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 12(3), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrim-07-2017-0059
Hyland, K. (2002). Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(8), 1091–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(02)00035-8
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. London/New York: Continuum.
Jaworska, S. (2021). Investigating media representations of the coronavirus in the UK, USA and Germany: What can a comparative corpus-based discourse analysis contribute to our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic?. In R. H. Jones (Ed.), Viral discourse (pp. 26–36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ji, L. J., Lee, A., & Guo, T. (2010). The thinking styles of Chinese people. In M. H. Bond, (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.155–167). New York: Oxford University Press.
Jones, R. (Ed.) (2021). Viral discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2012). The Britney Spears universe: Social media and viral marketing at its best. Business Horizon, 55, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.08.009
Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/266996
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lee, G. B. (2005). Persuasion, transparency and government speech. Hastings Law Journal, 56(5), 983–994.
Levine, J. (1969). Approaches to humor appreciation. In J. Levine (Ed.), Motivation in humor (pp. 1–27). New York: Atherton Press.
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics? Channels of group life, social planning and action research. Human Relations, 1(2), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100201
Lieberman, A., & Schroeder, J. (2020). Two social lives: How differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.022
Lin, Y.-H., & Chen, C.-Y. (2020). Effect of persuasion via social media on attitude toward elite sport policies. Social Behavior and Personality, 48(3), e8709. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8709
Locher, M. A., & Graham, S. L. (Eds.) (2010). Interpersonal pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression (Trans. Marjorie Kerr Wilson). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224
Martin, R. (2007). The psychology of humour. An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Muhlhausler, P., & Harre, R. (1990). Pronouns and people: The linguistic construction of social and personal identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mulholland, J. (1994). Handbook of persuasive tactics: A Practical language guide. London/New York: Routledge.
Murphy, J. J. (1981). Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A history of rhetorical theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Ngai, C. S.-B., & Singh, R. G. (2020). Relationship between persuasive metadiscoursal devices in research article abstracts and their attention on social media. PLoS ONE,15(4), e0231305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231305
Norrick, N. R. (1994). Involvement and joking in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 22(3–4), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90117-1
Ogiermann, E., & Bella, S. (2021). On the dual role of expressive speech acts: Relational work on signs announcing closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pragmatics, 184, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.07.020
O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Olza, I., Koller, V., Ibarretxe-Antunano, I., Perez-Sobrino, P., & Semino, E. (2021). The #ReframeCovid initiative: From Twitter to society via metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 11(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00013.olz
Page, R. (2012). Stories and social media: Identities and interaction. New York: Routledge.
Paramasivam, S. (2011). Rapport management in air traffic control in Malaysian aviation discourse. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 21(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.1.05par
Paton, G. E. C. (1988). The comedian as portrayer of social morality. In C. Powell & G. E. C. Paton (Eds.), Humor in society: Resistance and control (pp. 206–233). Houndmills/London: Macmillan.
Pelclova, J., & Lu, W. L. (2018). Persuasion across times, domains and modalities. In J. Pelclova & W. L. Lu (Eds.), Persuasion in public discourse: Cognitive and functional perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Perloff, R. M. (2017). The dynamics of persuasion: Communication and attitudes in the 21st century. New York and London: Routledge.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2
Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms2201_1
Ronan, P. (2015). Categorizing expressive speech acts in the pragmatically annotated SPICE Ireland corpus. ICAME Journal, 39(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1515/icame-2015-0002
Semino, E., Demjén, Z., & Demmen, J. (2018). An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer. Applied Linguistics, 39(5), 625–645. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw028
Shi, X. (2010). Intercultural language socialization of a Chinese MBA student in an American negotiation class. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2475–2486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.005
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking: Culture, communication and politeness theory. London/New York: Continuum.
Spurgin, S. D. (1994). The power to persuade: A rhetoric and reader for argumentative writing (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Starr, R. L., Go, C., & Pak, V. (2021). “Keep calm, stay safe, and drink bubble tea”: Commodifying the crisis of COVID-19 in Singapore advertising. Language in Society, 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0047404521000567.
Stepaniuk, K., & Jarosz, K. (2021). Persuasive linguistic tricks in social media marketing communication: The memetic approach. PLoS ONE, 16(7), e0253983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253983
Teng, W., Su, Y., Liao, T.-T., & Wei, C.-L. (2020). An exploration of celebrity business ventures and their appeal to fans and non-fans. Journal of Retailing Consumer Services, 54, 1– 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.102004
Tracy, K., & Robles, J. S. (2013). Everyday talk: Building and reflecting identities (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Valentinsson, M.-C. (2018). Stance and the construction of authentic celebrity persona. Language in Society, 47, 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404518001100
Van Dijk, T. A. (1996). Power and the news media. In D. L. Paletz (Ed.), Political communication in action. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Vásquez, C. (2015). “Don’t Even Get Me Started…”: Interactive metadiscourse in online consumer reviews. In E. Darics (Ed.), Digital business discourse (pp. 19–39). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wang, F. (2022). Governmental persuasion strategies on social media during COVID-19: A comparative study of the US and China. Hatfield Graduate Journal of Public Affairs, 6(1): 7.
Wang, J., & Spencer-Oatey, H. (2015). The gains and losses of face in ongoing intercultural interaction: A case study of Chinese participant perspectives. Journal of Pragmatics, 89, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.15760/hgjpa.2021.6.8
Wicke, P., & Bolognesi, M. M. (2020). Framing COVID-19: How we conceptualize and discuss the pandemic on Twitter. PLoS ONE, 15(9): e0240010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240010
Wu, D., & Lin, M. (2017). Relational acts and facework by Chinese celebrities on Weibo. In X. Chen (Ed.), Politeness phenomena across Chinese genre (pp. 119–133). London: Equinox.
Xia, J. (2020). “Loving you”: Use of metadiscourse for relational acts in WeChat public account advertisements. Discourse, Context & Media, 37, 100416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100416
Xing, Y., Li, Y., & Wang, F.-K. (2021). How privacy concerns and cultural differences affect public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 73(4), 517–542. https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-07-2020-0216
Yang, N. (2021). Engaging readers across participants: A cross-interactant analysis of metadiscourse in letters of advice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pragmatics, 186, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.10.017
Yang, S. B., Lee, H., Lee, K., & Koo, C. (2018). The application of Aristotle’s rhetorical theory to the sharing economy: An empirical study of Airbnb. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35, 938–957. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1455622
Zhang, M., & Wu, D. D. (2018). A cross-cultural analysis of celebrity practice in microblogging, East Asian Pragmatics, 3(2), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.33060
Zhang, Y., Akhtar, N., Farooq, Q., Yuan, Y., & Khan, I. U. (2021). A comparative study of Chinese and American media reports on the COVID19 and expressions of social responsibility: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(3), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09809-9
Zhu, W. (2014). Rapport management in strong disagreement: An investigation of a community of Chinese speakers of English. Text & Talk, 34(5), 641–664. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2014-0021