Images of the Four Heavenly Kings in Unified Silla As the Symbol of National Defense
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v32i2.27588Keywords:
Four Heavenly Kings, Sachŏnwang Temple, Seokruram Grotto, state protectionAbstract
This paper aims to examine the role of the Four Heavenly Kings in Silla. The Four Heavenly Kings first created in Silla were all enshrined in the royal memorial temples. The temples are also those situated respectively in the four directions, with Silla royal capital at the center. The fact that they were all enshrined in the royal memorial temples, especially in the stupa, proves that the Four Heavenly Kings had their own special implications. The role of the Four Heavenly Kings in Silla was not only to protect the temple, but also, more importantly, to protect the whole nation.References
Dajiyishenzhou jing.
Guanghongmingji.
Jinguangming jing (Suvarna-prabhasottama Sutra).
Samguk sagi (History of Three Kingdoms).
Samguk yusa (Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms).
Tuoluoniji jing (Collection of Dharanis Sutra)
Han Tae-sik. 1991. ‘A Reflection on Ven. Kyongheung’s Life’. The Journal of Korean Buddhist Research 28: 181–213.
Joo Kyeong-mi. 2003. ‘A Study on the Buddhist Relic Cult in Renshou Period of Sui Wendi’. The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches 22: 81–127.
Kang Sam-hye. 2006. ‘The Tutelary Deities Carved on Monks’ Stupas in the Transitional Period between Late Silla and Early Goryeo’. Korean Journal of Art History 252: 81–116.
Kim Ji-hyeon. 2010. ‘The Statue of the Four Devas Carved on Pagodas and Their Meanings in Unified Silla’. The Journal of Cultural Relics 17: 83–112.
Kim Sang-hyeon. 1976. ‘On the Faith of Kum-Kwang-Myung Sutra — State-Protective Thought of Buddhism in the Koryo Dynasty’. Dankook University, Academic Journal 1: 193–224.
———. 2007. ‘The Ideology to Govern the Country by the Dharma of Buddhism in the Late 7th Century’. The Journal of Silla Culture 30: 91-115.
Kwon Kang-mi. 2003. ‘A Study on the Images of the Four Heavenly Kings in the Unified Silla Dynasty’. Journal of Cultural Relics 7: 45–75.
Lim Young-ae: see Im Yongae entries.
Lee Young-ho. 1983. ‘The Royal Temple as an Official Temple of the Government during the Middle Silla Period’. The Journal of Korean History 42: 81–114.
Lijuwang Fanbo. 2005. ‘The Image of the Four Heavenly Kings on the Stone sarara Reliquary Excavated from the Site of the Shendesi Temple in the Sui Dynasty. 9 Shanxi lishibowuguan guankan 12: 162–165.
Im Yogae (Lim Young-ae). 1998. ‘A Reconsideration on the Origin of Armed Four Guardian King Sculptures — Focusing on Gandhara and Central Asia’. Art History Journal 11: 77–97.
———. 2008. ‘The Name of Terra-cotta Plaques at the Sachonwangsa Temple Site’. Art History Forum 27: 7–37.
———. 2011a. ‘Trend of Pagoda Reliefs in Silla-From Vajra warriors to Four Heavenly Kings’. Prehistory and Ancient History 35: 225–248.
———. 2011b. ‘Statues of Seokgulam Four Heavenly Kings and Buddhist Sutra’. Art History Journal 37: 23–48.
———. 2014. ‘The Forms and Meanings of Living Creatures in Ancient Buddhist Sculpture’. Central Asian Studies 19(1): 35–59.
Moon Myung-dae. 1980. ‘A Study on the Images of Four Deva Kings in the Silla Dynasty — Research on Korean Pagoda Reliefs’. Journal of Buddhist Art 5: 10–55.
———. 2000. The Stone Cave in Mt. Toham. Seoul: KPI Publishing Co.
Nagaoka. Ryusaku. 2006. ‘Repentance and Buddhist Statues’. Art History Forum 23: 127–170.
Park Dae-nam. Lee Song-ran. 2010. ‘A Study on Sarira Vessels at the Shendesi Temple in the 4th Year of Renshu during the Sui Dynasty of China’. Sogang Journal of Early Korean History 6: 201–249.
Shim Hyo-seop. 1996. ‘The Study on Introduction and Development of the Four Heavenly Kings Belief in Silla Dynasty’. The Journal of Donggook History 30: 113–146.
Shim Yeong-shin. 1997. ‘A Study of the Representations of the Four Heavenly Kings in the Unified Silla Dynasty’. The Korean Journal of Art History 216: 5–47.
———. 2013. ‘The Cult of the Four Heavenly Kings in Ancient East Asia: Beyond the Hoguk Bulgyo Perspective’. Journal for the Studies of Silla History 29: 549–608.
Yoon Seon-tae. 2002. ‘The Rite of Royal Memorial Temple in the Unified Silla Dynasty’. Silla Cultural Festival Conference 23: 83–120.
Yoon Yeo-chang. 2010. ‘A Study on the Relief Carving Guardians in Pagodas of Unified Silla’. MA thesis. Wonkwang University
Yuan Ke. 1998. Chinese Myths and Legends. Beijing: Renmin University Press
Zhujieyuan. Qinbo. 1974. ‘The Sassanian Persian Coin Discovered in Shanxi Chang’an and Yaoxian'. (Archaeology) 2: 126–132.