Wisdom a “Wailin’” and a “Steppin’” at the Street Corners of Trench Town
Keywords:
Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Wisdom, Rasta identity, poor man's wealth, Proverbs 10:15, 21Abstract
Reggae artists Bob Marley and Peter Tosh advocated Rasta resistance to the downpression system of “Babylon” in their appropriation of Proverbs 10:15, 21, in their respective songs “Wisdom” (and the later revised “Stiff-Necked Fools”) and “Fools Die (For Want of Wisdom).” This article’s reception history approach has two integrated foci. First, it analyses these reggae songs in relation to the stated proverbs whereby to discern Marley’s and Tosh’s identification of who are the wealthy, the poor, the wise, and the fool. Second, it brings to bear on its analyses those socioeconomical, biblical-hermeneutical, and ideological influences upon each musician’s appropriation of both proverbs, all the while keeping them in conversation with each other. The article’s conclusions reveal a recontextualized Wisdom in the unlikely form of two Rastas who promoted a countercultural message of faith livity in Jah and a wisdom consciousness of identity as African and divine.
References
Akbar, Na’im. 1996. Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery. Tallahassee, FL: Mind Productions.
Barnett, Michael (ed.). 2012. Rastafari in the New Millennium: A Rastafari Reader. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Barrett, Leonard. 1988. The Rastafarians: Sounds of Cultural Dissonance. Revised ed. Boston: Beacon Press.
Bismauth, Dale. 1993. A History of Religions in the Caribbean. 2nd ed. Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston Publishers.
Breiner, Laurence. 1985. “The English Bible in Jamaican Rastafarianism.” Journal of Religious Thought 42: 30–43.
Campbell, Nicholas (dir.). 1992. Steppin’ Razor – Red X. Canada: Bush Doctor Films. DVD.
Chevannes, Barry. 1994. Rastafari: Roots and Ideology. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
———. 2011. “Ships that will Never Sail: The Paradox of Rastafari Pan-Africanism.” Critical Arts 25: 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.639995
Clifford, Richard J. 1999. Proverbs: A Commentary. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
Coltri, Marzia. 2020. “Postcolonial Interpretation: The Bible in Rastafari.” Black Theology 3: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14769948.2020.1840828
Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Crenshaw, James. 2010. Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
Edmonds, Ennis. 2013. Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Erskine, Noel Leo. 2010. “The Bible and Reggae: Liberation or Subjugation?” In The Bible In/And Popular Culture: A Creative Endeavor, edited by Philip Culberson and Elaine Wainwright, 97–109. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature.
Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
Forsythe, Dennis. 1983. Rastafari: For the Healing of the Nation. Jamaica: Zaika Publications.
Garvey, Marcus. 1924. “Look for Me in the Whirlwind.” Harlem, New York. https://speakola.com/political/marcus-garvey-look-for-me-in-the-whirlwind-1924
Goldman, Vivien. 2006. The Book of Exodus. New York: Three Rivers.
Gordon, Ernie. 2013. “Peter Tosh and Theology.” In Remembering Peter Tosh, edited by Ceil Tulloch, 118–122. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
Grant, Colin. 2011. The Natural Mystics: Marley, Tosh, and Wailer. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Hanke, Lewis. 1949. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Heron, Taitu, and Hume, Yanique. 2012. “Stepping Out: Peter Tosh and the Dynamics of Afro-Caribbean Existence.” Caribbean Quarterly 58: 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2012.11672455
Hill, Oliver (dir.). 2007. Coping with Babylon: The Proper Rastology. US: Sonerito. DVD.
Ifekwe, B. Steiner. 2007/2008. “Rastafarianism in Jamaica as a Pan-African Protest Movement.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 17: 106–22.
Lee (Hannah), Barbara Makeda Blake. 1981. Rastafari: The New Creation. Kingston, Jamaica: Jamaica Media Productions.
Lindsay, Keisha, and Lindsay, Louis. 2003. “Bob Marley and the Politics of Subversion.” In Bob Marley: The Man and His Music, edited by Eleanor Wint and Carolyn Cooper, 76–81. Kingston, Jamaica: Arawak Publications.
MacNeil, Dean. 2013. The Bible and Bob Marley: Half the Story has Never been Told. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.
Marley, Bob. 1969. “Wisdom.” Dynamic Sound, 45rpm. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/bob-marley-the-wailers-wisdom
———. 1980. “Redemption Song.” Uprising album. Island Records. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/bob-marley-the-wailers-redemption-song
———. 1983a. “Stiff-Necked Fools.” Confrontation album. Tuff Gong/Island. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/bob-marley-the-wailers-stiff-necked-fools
———. 1983b. “Trench Town.” Confrontation album. Tuff Gong/Island. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/bob-marley-the-wailers-trench-town
Masouri, John. 2013. The Life of Peter Tosh: Steppin’ Razor. New York: Omnibus Press.
McCann, Ian, 1993. Bob Marley in His Own Words. New York: Omnibus.
McCann, Ian and Hawke, Harry. 2004. Bob Marley: The Complete Guide to his Music. New York: Omnibus.
McFarlane, Anthony. 1998. “The Epistemological Significance of ‘I-an-I’ as a Response to Quashie and Anancyism in Jamaican Culture.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer, and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, 107–121. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Middleton, Darren J. N. 2015. Rastafari and the Arts: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
Middleton, J. Richard. 2000. “Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for ‘Resisting Against the System’ in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers.” In Religion, Culture, and Tradition in the Caribbean, edited by Henchand Gossai and Nathaniel Murrell, 181–205. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Murphy, Roland. 1990. “Introduction to Wisdom Literature.” In The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, edited by Raymond Brown et al, 447–452. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Murrell, Nathaniel. 2000a. “Dangerous Memories, Underdevelopment, and the Bible in Colonial Caribbean Experience.” In Religion, Culture, Tradition in the Caribbean, edited by Hemachand Gossai and Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, 9–36. New York: St Martin’s Press.
———. 2000b. “Wresting the Message from the Messenger: The Rastafari as a Case Study in the Caribbean Indigenization of the Bible.” In African Americans and the Bible, edited by Vincent Wimbush, 558–576. New York: Continuum.
Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel, and Lewin Williams. 1998. “Black Biblical Hermeneutics of Rastafari.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer, and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, 326–348. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel, William David Spencer, and Adrian Anthony McFarlane (eds). 1998. Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Needs, Kris. 1981. “Peter Tosh: Tosh.” ZigZag. July. https://www-rocksbackpages-com.ezproxy.tcu.edu/Library/Article/peter-tosh-tosh
Owens, Joseph. 1976. Dread: The Rastafarians of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: Sangster.
Prahlad, Anand. 2001. Reggae Wisdom: Proverbs in Jamaican Music. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
Richmond, Norman. 2013. “Reflections on a Straight Shooter.” In Remembering Peter Tosh, edited by Ceil Tulloch, 25–29. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
Salter, Richard. 2008. “Rastafari in a Global Context.” Ideaz 7: 10–27.
Steffens, Roger. 1998. “Bob Marley: Rasta Warrior.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer, and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, 253–65. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Stokke, Christian. 2021. “Consciousness Development in Rastafrai: A Perspective from the Psychology of Religion.” Anthropology of Consciousness 32: 81–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12129
Tafari, I. Jabulani. 1980. “The Rastafari – Successors of Marcus Garvey.” Caribbean Quarterly 26: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.1980.11829312
Taylor, Don. 1994. Marley and Me. Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston Publishers.
Tosh, Peter. 1977. “African.” Equal Rights album. Columbia Records. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/album/peter-tosh-equal-rights
———. 1981a. “Fools Die (For Want of Wisdom).” Wanted Dread & Alive album. EMI America. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/peter-tosh-fools-die
———. 1981b. “The Poor Man Feel It.” Wanted Dread & Alive album. EMI America. https://www.jah-lyrics.com/song/peter-tosh-the-poor-man-feel-it
Tulloch, Ceil. 2013. “Preface.” In Remembering Peter Tosh, edited by Ceil Tulloch, xv–xviii. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
Wendt, Doug. 2013. “The Gentle Giant.” In Remembering Peter Tosh, edited by Ceil Tulloch, 79–87. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
Wilson, Amos. 1993. The Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness: Eurocentric History, Psychiatry, and the Politics of White Supremacy. New York: Afrikan World Info Systems.