Religion, Migration and Social Change

Christian–Muslim Differentials

Authors

  • Yaghoob Foroutan The Australian National University

Keywords:

Immigrants, Lebanese, Muslims

Abstract

This paper examines the status of Christian and Muslim Lebanese women in Australia in terms of their participation in employment. The paper also highlights employment differentials between Lebanese women and non-Lebanese women, both overseas-born and Australian-born, in this multi-ethnic and multicultural context. Prior studies document settlement difficulties and indicate that Lebanese migrants in Australia, particularly women and Muslims, have comparatively lower economic and socio-demographic circumstances. This study uses relatively recent nationally representative data and focuses on employment status, which is considered to be a key indicator of migrant success and integration in the host country. Accordingly, the multivariate outcomes of this paper shed further light on the situation and settlement of Lebanese migrant women in Australia.

References

Adhikari, Raju 2001 Muslims. In Jupp 2001: 599-601.

Anker, Richard 1997 Theories of Occupational Segregation by Sex: An Overview. International Labour Review 136(3): 1-14.

Gender and Job: Sex Segregation of Occupations in the World. International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Baubock, Rainer 1996 Social and Cultural Integration in a Civil Society. In The Challenge of Diversity: Integration and Pluralism in Societies of Immigration, edited by Rainer Baubock, Agnes Heller and Aristide R. Zolberg, 67-131. Ashgate Publishing, Avebury.

Berry, John W. 1992 Acculturation and Adaptation in a New Society. International Migration 30: 69-101. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.1992.tb00776.x.

Betts, Katharine, and Ernest Healy 2006 Lebanese Muslims in Australia and Social Disadvantage. People and Place 14(1): 24-42.

Bloom, David, and Adi Brender 1993 Labour and the Earning World Economy. Population Bulletin 48(2): 1-32.

Brooks, Clive, and Paul A. Volker 1985 Labour Market Success and Failure: An Analysis of the Factors Leading to the Workplace Destinations of the Australian Population. In The Structure and Duration of Unemployment in Australia: Proceedings of a Conference, 4–5 August 1983, edited by Paul A. Volker, 43-75. BLMR Monograph Series 6, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Carmichael, Gordon A., and Peter McDonald 2003 Fertility Trends and Differentials. In The Transformation of Australia’s Population: 1970–2030, edited by Siew Ean Khoo and Peter McDonald, 40-76. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.

Carr, Marilyn, and Martha Chen 2004 Globalization, Social Exclusion and Gender. International Labour Review 143(1/2): 129-60. doi:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2004.tb00548.x.

Clark, Roger, Thomas W. Ramsbey and Emily S. Adler 1991 Culture, Gender, and Labor Force Participation: A Cross-National Study. Gender and Society 5(1): 47-66.

Collins, Jock 1988 Migrant Hands in a Distant Land: Australia’s Post-War Immigration. Pluto Press, Sydney and London.

Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA) 2003 The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census. Australian Government, Canberra.

Desbarats, Jacqueline 1986 Ethnic Differences in Adaptation: Sino-Vietnamese Refugees in the United States. International Migration Review 20(2): 405-27. doi:10.2307/2546042.

Dharmalingam, Arunachalam, and S. Philip Morgan 2004 Pervasive Muslim-Hindu Fertility Differences in India. Demography 41(3): 529-45. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0020.

Evans, Marian D.R. 1984 Immigrant Women in Australia: Resources, Family, and Work. International Migration Review 18(4): 1063-90. doi:10.2307/2546073.

Evans, Marian D.R., and J. Jonathon Kelley 1986 Immigrants’ Work: Equality and Discrimination in the Australian Labour Market. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 22(2): 187-207. doi:10.1177/144078338602200202.

Prejudice, Discrimination, and the Labour Market: Attainments of Immigrants in Australia. American Journal of Sociology 97(3): 721-59. doi:10.1086/229818.

Foroutan, Yaghoob 2007 Determinants of Women’s Employment Participation: Muslim/Non-Muslim Differentials in Australia. PhD Thesis, The Australian National University, Canberra.

a Employment Differentials of Second Generation Muslim Immigrants: Assimilation and Discrimination Hypotheses. Immigrants and Minorities 26(3): 219-41. doi:10.1080/02619280802528452.

b Women’s Employment, Religion and Multiculturalism: Socio-Demographic Emphasis. Journal of Population Research 25(1): 63-90. doi:10.1007/BF03031941.

c Migration Differentials in Women’s Market Employment: An Empirical and Multicultural Analysis. International Migration Review 42(3): 675-703. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00142.x.

d South Asian Female Migrants’ Work Differentials: Multicultural Assessment. South Asia Research 28(2): 203-24. doi:10.1177/026272800802800205.

Gender and Religion: The Status of Women in the Muslim World. In The World’s Religions: Continuities and Transformations, edited by Peter B. Clarke and Peter Beyer, 223-35. Routledge, London and New York.

forthcoming Migration and Gender Roles: Typical Work Pattern of the MENA Women. International Migration Review 43(4): 1008-29.

Foroutan, Yaghoob, and Peter McDonald 2008 Asian Migrant Women’s Employment Participation: Patterns, Determinants and Differentials. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 14(2): 109-41.

Hook, Jennifer Van, and Kelly Stamper Balistreri 2002 Diversity and Change in the Institutional Context of Immigrant Adaptation: California Schools 1985–2000. Demography 39(4): 639-54. doi:10.2307/3180824.

Hugo, Graeme 1992 Knocking at the Door: Asian Immigration to Australia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1(1): 100-144.

Migration of Asian Women to Australia. In International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, 192-220. Department for Economy and Social Policy Analysis, Population Division, United Nations, New York.

Humphrey, Michael 2001 Muslim Lebanese. In Jupp 2001: 564-67.

Iredale, Robyn R. 1988 The Recognition of Overseas Qualifications and Skills. Policy Options Paper Presented for the Office of Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Jejeebhoy, Shireen J., and Zeba A. Sathar 2001 Women’s Autonomy in India and Pakistan: The Influence of Religion and Region. Population and Development Review 27(4): 687-712. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x.

Jupp, James (ed.) 2001 The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People, and their Origins, new ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kabir, Nahid, and Raymond Evans 2002 Muslims and the Australian Labour Market, 1980–2001. Immigration and Minorities 21(3): 70-95.

Kelley, Jonathon, and Ian McAllister 1984 Immigration, Socio-Economic Attainment, and Politics in Australia. The British Journal of Sociology 35(3): 387-405. doi:10.2307/590972.

Khoo, Siew Ean, and Peter McDonald 2001 Settlement Indicators and Benchmark. Report Submitted to the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Khoo, Siew Ean, and Jing Shu 1996 Immigrant Family Formation Patterns in Australia. Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Kirk, Dudley 1965 Factors Affecting Moslem Natality. In Family Planning and Population Programs: A Review of World Developments, edited by The Planning Committee for the International Conference on Family Planning Program-Geneva, 561-79. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Knodel, John, et al. 1999 Religion and Reproduction: Muslims and Buddhist Thailand. Population Studies 53(2): 149-64. doi:10.1080/00324720308083.

McAllister, Ian 1986 Speaking the Language: Language Maintenance and English Proficiency among Immigrant Youth in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 9: 24-42.

Occupational Mobility among Immigrants: The Impact of Migration on Economic Success in Australia. International Migration Review 29(2): 441-68. doi:10.2307/2546789.

McDonald, Peter 2000a Community Profiles, 1996 Census: Lebanon Born. Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section, Canberra.

b Gender Equity, Social Institutions and the Future of Fertility. Journal of Population Research 17(1): 1-16. doi:10.1007/BF03029445.

McMurray, Christine 1999 Community Profiles, 1996 Census: Viet Nam Born. Statistics Section, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Mishra, Vinod 2004 Muslim/Non-Muslim Differentials in Fertility and Family Planning in India. East–West Center Working Paper, 112, Population and Health Series, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Morgan, S. Philip, et al. 2002 Muslim and Non-Muslim Differences in Female Autonomy and Fertility: Evidence from Four Asian Countries. Population and Development Review 28(3): 515-37. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00515.x.

Omar, Wafia, and Kirsty Allen 1996 The Muslims in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Services, Canberra.

Omran, Adel R., and Farzaneh Roudi 1993 The Middle East Population Puzzle. Population Bulletin 48(1): 1-38.

Rashad, Hoda 2000 Demographic Transition in Arab Countries: A New Perspective. Journal of Population Research 17(1): 83-101. doi:10.1007/BF03029449.

Read, Jen’nan Ghazal 2004 Cultural Influences on Immigrant Women’s Labour Force Participation: The Arab-American Case. International Migration Review 38(1): 52-77.

Sorensen, Marianne 1993 The Match between Education and Occupation for Immigrant Women in Canada. Research Discussion Paper, 102, Population Research Laboratory/Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

Stier, Haya, and Marta Tienda 1992 Family, Work and Women: The Labour Supply of Hispanic Immigrant Wives. International Migration Review 26(4): 1291-1313. doi:10.2307/2546884.

VandenHeuvel, Adriana, and Mark Wooden 1996 Non-English Speaking Background Immigrant Women and Part-Time Work. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

New Settlers Have their Say. Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Wooden, Mark 1994 The Labour-Market Experience of Immigrants. In Australian Immigration: A Survey of Issues, edited by Mark Wooden et al., 227-92. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Yamanaka, Keiko, and Kent McClelland 1994 Earning the Model-majority Image: Diverse Strategies of Economic Adaptation by Asian-American Women. Ethnic and Racial Studies 17(1): 79-114.

Young, Christabel M. 1988 Lebanese Immigration since 1970. In The Australian People: An Encyclopaedia of the Nation, its People and their Origin, edited by James Jupp, 672-77. Angus & Robertson Publishers, North Ryde, Sydney.

Downloads

Published

2010-01-29

Issue

Section

Journal for the Academic Study of Religion

Categories